Once the feature is enabled on a device, it ties the device to the currently logged in Apple ID.
Even if you try to log in to this Apple ID on a new device, as long as the Apple system recognizes that your previous device has not been completely signed out, it will prompt you: "Please enter the passcode from your previous iPhone to activate this device."
This is to prevent someone from flashing the phone or logging in with a different device after the phone is stolen.